Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, France's petrol supply was 1,005 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Nigeria (10%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States188 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria101 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 9%)Norway89 kt (est. 9%)Algeria83 kt (est. 8%)Iraq79 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia77 kt (est. 8%)Other crude origins205 kt (est. 20%)France: crude origin not reported38 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data14 kt (1%)United States: no crude data14 kt (1%)France: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)796 kt (79%)Netherlands96 kt (10%)Belgium31 kt (3%)Germany29 kt (3%)Spain22 kt (2%)Singapore14 kt (1%)United States14 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply1.01 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Singapore
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (1)
- United States188 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria101 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway89 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria83 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq79 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia77 kt (est. 8%)
- Other crude origins205 kt (est. 20%)
- France: crude origin not reported38 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- France: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 796,000 | 79.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 96,000 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 31,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 29,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 22,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 14,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 14,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 146,722 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 146,722 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 89,646 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 83,719 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 80,419 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 71,864 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 64,592 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 60,559 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 38,376 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 27,440 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,056 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 16,762 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 13,383 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,439 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 11,158 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 10,023 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 9,772 | 33.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,709 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,690 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,132 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,552 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,383 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,547 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,530 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,378 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,912 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,492 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,291 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,182 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,760 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,692 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,676 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,537 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,530 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,167 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,091 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 1,052 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 986 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 773 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 759 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 721 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 642 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 616 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 560 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Germany | 513 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 352 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 275 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 184 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 165 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 130 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 121 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 102 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 77 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 39 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 31 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (38,376 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (13,383 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,217 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,305 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.