Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, France's jet fuel supply was 674 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (25%), Kuwait (19%) and India (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), and 55% cannot be traced.
Country
United States69 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 5%)Algeria30 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria29 kt (est. 4%)Iraq26 kt (est. 4%)Norway24 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia23 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins72 kt (est. 11%)South Korea: no crude data171 kt (25%)Kuwait: no crude data130 kt (19%)India: no crude data36 kt (5%)France: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)United States: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)France: crude not from imports7.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)289 kt (43%)South Korea171 kt (25%)Kuwait130 kt (19%)India36 kt (5%)Netherlands13 kt (2%)Spain12 kt (2%)Belgium10 kt (1%)United States8.0 kt (1%)Singapore5.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply674 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- South Korea
- Kuwait
- India
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Belgium
- United States
- Other (1)
- United States69 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria30 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria29 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq26 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway24 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia23 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins72 kt (est. 11%)
- South Korea: no crude data171 kt (25%)
- Kuwait: no crude data130 kt (19%)
- India: no crude data36 kt (5%)
- France: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)
- France: crude not from imports7.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 289,000 | 42.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 171,000 | 25.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 130,000 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 36,000 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 12,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 10,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 171,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 130,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 61,480 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 58,284 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 36,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 29,382 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 29,085 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 26,368 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 23,743 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 21,528 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 19,725 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 11,666 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 7,739 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6,280 | 52.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,611 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,533 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,392 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,205 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,914 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,759 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,662 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,456 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,366 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,012 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 886 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 883 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 732 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 715 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 630 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 569 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 533 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 439 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 381 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 283 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 220 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 171 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 133 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 99 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 58 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 38 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 36 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (171,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (130,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (36,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (11,666 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (7,739 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,550 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (96 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.