Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, France's petrol supply was 778 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Algeria (9%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States166 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan72 kt (est. 9%)Algeria67 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria66 kt (est. 8%)Iraq64 kt (est. 8%)Norway64 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia50 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins164 kt (est. 21%)France: crude origin not reported26 kt (3%)France: crude not from imports17 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)642 kt (83%)Netherlands88 kt (11%)Germany25 kt (3%)Singapore7.0 kt (<1%)United States6.0 kt (<1%)Belgium5.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply778 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Singapore
- United States
- Belgium
- United Arab Emirates
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States166 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan72 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria67 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria66 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq64 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway64 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia50 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins164 kt (est. 21%)
- France: crude origin not reported26 kt (3%)
- France: crude not from imports17 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 642,000 | 82.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 88,000 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 25,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 7,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 5,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 136,575 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 129,475 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 65,270 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 64,611 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 58,576 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 52,744 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 47,824 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 43,818 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 25,915 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 24,446 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 23,915 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 17,192 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,927 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,857 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 8,215 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,976 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,591 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,850 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,323 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,054 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,971 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,696 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,447 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,154 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,065 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,016 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 904 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 879 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 846 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 831 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 808 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 636 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 628 | 62.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 506 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 366 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 358 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 315 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 174 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 167 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 31 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 29 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 18 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (25,915 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (17,192 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,322 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (837 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.