Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, France's jet fuel supply was 754 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (16%), Kuwait (8%) and Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%) and Nigeria (5%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
United States71 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 5%)Norway34 kt (est. 4%)Algeria33 kt (est. 4%)Iraq33 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 4%)Libya18 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins92 kt (est. 12%)India: no crude data123 kt (16%)Kuwait: no crude data60 kt (8%)China: no crude data54 kt (7%)Malaysia: no crude data47 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (4%)Bahrain: no crude data27 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data27 kt (4%)Other suppliers: no crude data13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.7 kt (1%)France (own refineries)278 kt (37%)India123 kt (16%)Kuwait60 kt (8%)Belgium56 kt (7%)China54 kt (7%)Malaysia47 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (4%)Bahrain27 kt (4%)Singapore27 kt (4%)Netherlands22 kt (3%)Other suppliers27 kt (4%)France: jet fuel supply754 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- India
- Kuwait
- Belgium
- China
- Malaysia
- Saudi Arabia
- Bahrain
- Other (5)
- United States71 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway34 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria33 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq33 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins92 kt (est. 12%)
- India: no crude data123 kt (16%)
- Kuwait: no crude data60 kt (8%)
- China: no crude data54 kt (7%)
- Malaysia: no crude data47 kt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (4%)
- Bahrain: no crude data27 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data27 kt (4%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.7 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 278,000 | 36.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 123,000 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 60,000 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 56,000 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 54,000 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: jet fuel supply | 47,000 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 33,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | France: jet fuel supply | 27,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 27,000 | 3.6% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 27,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 22,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 123,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 61,227 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 60,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 54,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 51,664 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 47,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 32,469 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 30,671 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 27,146 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 25,256 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 21,200 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 19,499 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 16,799 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,161 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 8,546 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 7,282 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,110 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,812 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 5,060 | 72.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,672 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,301 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,286 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,091 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,480 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,807 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,589 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,395 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2,342 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1,419 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1,129 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 1,125 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,073 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,001 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 990 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 725 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 412 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 398 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 389 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 249 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 224 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (123,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (60,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (54,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (47,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,049 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,694 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.