Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, France's jet fuel supply was 745 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (19%), China (15%) and Singapore (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Nigeria (6%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
United States74 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria43 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 6%)Algeria35 kt (est. 5%)Iraq27 kt (est. 4%)Norway26 kt (est. 4%)Libya24 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins94 kt (est. 13%)South Korea: no crude data145 kt (19%)China: no crude data109 kt (15%)Singapore: no crude data59 kt (8%)Malaysia: no crude data27 kt (4%)United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)Libya: no crude data13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)301 kt (40%)South Korea145 kt (19%)China109 kt (15%)Singapore59 kt (8%)Belgium48 kt (6%)Malaysia27 kt (4%)Italy17 kt (2%)United States14 kt (2%)Libya13 kt (2%)Spain8.0 kt (1%)Other suppliers4.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply745 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- South Korea
- China
- Singapore
- Belgium
- Malaysia
- Italy
- United States
- Other (4)
- United States74 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria43 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria35 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq27 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway26 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya24 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins94 kt (est. 13%)
- South Korea: no crude data145 kt (19%)
- China: no crude data109 kt (15%)
- Singapore: no crude data59 kt (8%)
- Malaysia: no crude data27 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Libya: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 301,000 | 40.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 145,000 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 109,000 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 59,000 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 48,000 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: jet fuel supply | 27,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 14,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 145,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 109,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 67,525 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 61,299 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 59,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 35,691 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 35,489 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 34,531 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 21,752 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 20,870 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 19,156 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 15,598 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,669 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,994 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,741 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,649 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,688 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,398 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,265 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,981 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,038 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,647 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,865 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,818 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,783 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,242 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1,043 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 988 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 978 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 857 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 824 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 713 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 587 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 518 | 30.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 422 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 372 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 369 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 365 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 359 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 309 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 258 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 251 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 251 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 207 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 172 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 124 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 121 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 121 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 67 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 35 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (145,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (109,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (59,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,095 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,238 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.