Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 617 kt: 46% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (11%), Bahrain (10%) and the United Arab Emirates (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), Kazakhstan (8%) and Nigeria (6%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
United States68 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 6%)Algeria35 kt (est. 6%)Angola20 kt (est. 3%)Libya15 kt (est. 2%)Iraq15 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins56 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data66 kt (11%)Bahrain: no crude data62 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (10%)Kuwait: no crude data51 kt (8%)United States: no crude data30 kt (5%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data22 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)285 kt (46%)India66 kt (11%)Bahrain62 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates62 kt (10%)Kuwait51 kt (8%)United States30 kt (5%)Libya25 kt (4%)Singapore22 kt (4%)Spain5.0 kt (<1%)Germany5.0 kt (<1%)Belgium4.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply617 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- India
- United Arab Emirates
- Bahrain
- Kuwait
- United States
- Libya
- Singapore
- Other (3)
- United States68 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria35 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola20 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya15 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq15 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins56 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data66 kt (11%)
- Bahrain: no crude data62 kt (10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (10%)
- Kuwait: no crude data51 kt (8%)
- United States: no crude data30 kt (5%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data22 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 285,000 | 46.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 66,000 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 62,000 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | France: jet fuel supply | 62,000 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 51,000 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 22,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 66,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 64,706 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 62,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 62,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 51,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 50,833 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 46,013 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 34,696 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 34,217 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | France (own refineries) | 19,279 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 14,805 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 14,512 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,953 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,156 | 43.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,926 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,550 | 38.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,122 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 985 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 903 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 837 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 646 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 615 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 442 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 420 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 409 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 401 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 365 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 343 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 338 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 326 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 210 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 203 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 144 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 139 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 126 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 109 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 83 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 79 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 67 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 40 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (66,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (62,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (62,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (51,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (25,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,656 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,173 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.