Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, France's petrol supply was 733 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Nigeria (11%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States164 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan102 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria80 kt (est. 11%)Algeria70 kt (est. 10%)Norway43 kt (est. 6%)Angola42 kt (est. 6%)Iraq35 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins143 kt (est. 19%)Singapore: no crude data15 kt (2%)United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)569 kt (78%)Netherlands91 kt (12%)Germany19 kt (3%)Belgium19 kt (3%)Singapore15 kt (2%)United States14 kt (2%)United Kingdom2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply733 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Belgium
- Singapore
- United States
- United Kingdom
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (2)
- United States164 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan102 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria80 kt (est. 11%)
- Algeria70 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway43 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola42 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq35 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins143 kt (est. 19%)
- Singapore: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 569,000 | 77.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 91,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 19,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 19,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 15,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 14,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Arab Emirates | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 129,185 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 109,356 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 91,865 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 69,271 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 68,314 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France (own refineries) | 38,490 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 29,558 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 26,108 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,843 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 21,106 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,034 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 9,888 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,917 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,229 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,439 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,859 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 4,746 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,417 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,263 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,016 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,978 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,944 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,336 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,993 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 1,967 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,906 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,604 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 1,588 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 1,549 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,389 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 1,095 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Germany | 773 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 598 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 545 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 540 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 414 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 253 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 174 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 153 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 123 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 116 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 47 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (9,888 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,478 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,381 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.