Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 840 kt: 28% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (32%), the United Arab Emirates (19%) and Saudi Arabia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (6%), and 71% cannot be traced.
Country
United States47 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 5%)Algeria22 kt (est. 3%)Libya19 kt (est. 2%)Norway18 kt (est. 2%)Iraq14 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins45 kt (est. 5%)Kuwait: no crude data272 kt (32%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data157 kt (19%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (8%)India: no crude data64 kt (8%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)233 kt (28%)Kuwait272 kt (32%)United Arab Emirates157 kt (19%)Saudi Arabia65 kt (8%)India64 kt (8%)Libya25 kt (3%)Singapore8.0 kt (<1%)Belgium4.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands4.0 kt (<1%)Spain4.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers2.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply840 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- France (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Libya
- Singapore
- Belgium
- Other (5)
- United States47 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria22 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya19 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway18 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins45 kt (est. 5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data272 kt (32%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data157 kt (19%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (8%)
- India: no crude data64 kt (8%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 272,000 | 32.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 233,000 | 27.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 157,000 | 18.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 65,000 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 64,000 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 272,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 157,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 65,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 64,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 44,458 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 40,021 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 37,780 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 36,772 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 21,758 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 18,173 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 16,851 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 12,952 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,235 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,814 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,476 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,093 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,074 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 726 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 694 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 576 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 557 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 516 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 515 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 463 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 358 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 307 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 292 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 267 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 238 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 215 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 213 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 195 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 193 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 185 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 184 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 144 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 121 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 110 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 103 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 98 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 79 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 78 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 47 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 38 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 20 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 11 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (272,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (157,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (65,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (64,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (25,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,102 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.