Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, France's petrol supply was 1,127 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (22%) and Belgium (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Nigeria (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States231 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan155 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria113 kt (est. 10%)Norway108 kt (est. 10%)Libya82 kt (est. 7%)Iraq70 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia63 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins207 kt (est. 18%)France: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)United States: no crude data15 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)690 kt (61%)Netherlands251 kt (22%)Belgium131 kt (12%)Germany21 kt (2%)United States15 kt (1%)Singapore13 kt (1%)Spain4.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply1.13 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Germany
- United States
- Singapore
- Spain
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States231 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan155 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria113 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway108 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya82 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq70 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia63 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins207 kt (est. 18%)
- France: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 690,000 | 61.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 251,000 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 131,000 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 21,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 15,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 13,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 4,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 138,891 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 131,291 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 101,744 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 94,407 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 79,862 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 66,017 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 48,350 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 42,388 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 41,212 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 36,224 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 31,256 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 29,678 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 28,930 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 23,389 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 22,865 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 22,369 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,056 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 20,785 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 19,174 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 18,826 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 15,866 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15,224 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 10,001 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,881 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,985 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,841 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,492 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,460 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,032 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,881 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,843 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,702 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,263 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 854 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 792 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 693 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 617 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 537 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 393 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 388 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 248 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 236 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 198 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 182 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 168 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 132 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 131 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 111 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 64 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 56 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 13 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (29,678 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (21,056 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (15,224 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,869 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,247 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.