Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 703 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (29%) and China (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Kazakhstan (6%) and Norway (5%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
United States72 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 6%)Norway36 kt (est. 5%)Algeria36 kt (est. 5%)Iraq32 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria30 kt (est. 4%)Libya27 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins69 kt (est. 10%)Kuwait: no crude data203 kt (29%)China: no crude data99 kt (14%)United States: no crude data20 kt (3%)France: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data12 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports9.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)339 kt (48%)Kuwait203 kt (29%)China99 kt (14%)United States20 kt (3%)Netherlands15 kt (2%)Singapore12 kt (2%)Spain8.0 kt (1%)Belgium6.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply703 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- China
- United States
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Spain
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- United States72 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria36 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq32 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria30 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins69 kt (est. 10%)
- Kuwait: no crude data203 kt (29%)
- China: no crude data99 kt (14%)
- United States: no crude data20 kt (3%)
- France: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data12 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports9.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 339,000 | 48.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 203,000 | 28.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 99,000 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 12,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 203,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 99,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 66,076 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 59,199 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 38,944 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 35,432 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 32,762 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 29,773 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 28,265 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 26,059 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 12,913 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 9,576 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,051 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,858 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,427 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,401 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,735 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,659 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,419 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,239 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,163 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,113 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,073 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 900 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 870 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 822 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 751 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 480 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 316 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 303 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 296 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 226 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 204 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 199 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 196 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 194 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 178 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 164 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 162 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 121 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 114 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 108 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 69 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 60 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 51 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 32 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 25 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 19 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (203,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (99,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (12,913 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (9,576 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,097 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (266 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.