Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 918 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (18%), the United Arab Emirates (16%) and China (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), and 63% cannot be traced.
Country
United States70 kt (est. 8%)Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)Algeria39 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan39 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 4%)Norway31 kt (est. 3%)Angola26 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins66 kt (est. 7%)Kuwait: no crude data161 kt (18%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data144 kt (16%)China: no crude data99 kt (11%)India: no crude data63 kt (7%)Bahrain: no crude data54 kt (6%)Singapore: no crude data23 kt (3%)France: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)349 kt (38%)Kuwait161 kt (18%)United Arab Emirates144 kt (16%)China99 kt (11%)India63 kt (7%)Bahrain54 kt (6%)Singapore23 kt (3%)United States8.0 kt (<1%)Spain6.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands5.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers6.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply918 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United Arab Emirates
- China
- India
- Bahrain
- Singapore
- United States
- Other (4)
- United States70 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria39 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan39 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway31 kt (est. 3%)
- Angola26 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins66 kt (est. 7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data161 kt (18%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data144 kt (16%)
- China: no crude data99 kt (11%)
- India: no crude data63 kt (7%)
- Bahrain: no crude data54 kt (6%)
- Singapore: no crude data23 kt (3%)
- France: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 349,000 | 38.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 161,000 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 144,000 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 99,000 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 63,000 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | France: jet fuel supply | 54,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 23,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.7% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 161,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 144,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 99,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 66,890 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 63,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 59,384 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 54,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 38,679 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 38,276 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 37,413 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 34,078 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 28,527 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France (own refineries) | 25,278 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 23,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 11,445 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 9,030 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,088 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 1,734 | 57.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,339 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 1,110 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,091 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 994 | 33.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 855 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 835 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 757 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 736 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 567 | 18.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 486 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 423 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 395 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 363 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 360 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 354 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 291 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 259 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 220 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 212 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 121 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Other suppliers | 104 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 95 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 69 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 68 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 61 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 16 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (161,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (144,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (99,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (63,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (54,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (23,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (11,445 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,251 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (77 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.