Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 910 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (17%), China (11%) and the United Arab Emirates (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), and 64% cannot be traced.
Country
United States75 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)Iraq36 kt (est. 4%)Norway36 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan34 kt (est. 4%)Algeria29 kt (est. 3%)Libya20 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins60 kt (est. 7%)South Korea: no crude data153 kt (17%)China: no crude data100 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data98 kt (11%)Bahrain: no crude data69 kt (8%)Kuwait: no crude data40 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data35 kt (4%)United States: no crude data33 kt (4%)France: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data12 kt (1%)Other suppliers: no crude data10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)306 kt (34%)South Korea153 kt (17%)China100 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates98 kt (11%)Bahrain69 kt (8%)Kuwait40 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia35 kt (4%)United States33 kt (4%)Belgium30 kt (3%)Singapore12 kt (1%)Other suppliers31 kt (3%)Imports, origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply910 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- South Korea
- China
- United Arab Emirates
- Bahrain
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Other (8)
- United States75 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq36 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan34 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria29 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya20 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins60 kt (est. 7%)
- South Korea: no crude data153 kt (17%)
- China: no crude data100 kt (11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data98 kt (11%)
- Bahrain: no crude data69 kt (8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data40 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data35 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data33 kt (4%)
- France: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 306,000 | 33.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 153,000 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 100,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 98,000 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | France: jet fuel supply | 69,000 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 40,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 35,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 33,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 31,000 | 3.4% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 12,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 153,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 100,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 69,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 67,472 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 46,414 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 40,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 35,859 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 33,774 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 28,586 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 28,382 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 26,780 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 18,744 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 12,157 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,191 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 7,833 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,678 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 5,742 | 100.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,191 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,874 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,719 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 3,084 | 51.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 2,377 | 36.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,083 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,683 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,220 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1,157 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1,108 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1,104 | 17.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1,039 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 461 | 7.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 245 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 43 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (153,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (100,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (69,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (40,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (12,157 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,337 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,824 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (3,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Imports, origin not reported (3,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.