Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, France's petrol supply was 988 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (10%) and Nigeria (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States207 kt (est. 21%)Norway101 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria101 kt (est. 10%)Iraq100 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan93 kt (est. 9%)Algeria72 kt (est. 7%)Libya51 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins172 kt (est. 17%)France: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)France: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data14 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)757 kt (77%)Netherlands152 kt (15%)Germany25 kt (3%)Spain18 kt (2%)Singapore14 kt (1%)Belgium13 kt (1%)United States8.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply988 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Spain
- Singapore
- Belgium
- United States
- Sweden
- United States207 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway101 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria101 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq100 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan93 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria72 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya51 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins172 kt (est. 17%)
- France: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)
- France: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 757,000 | 76.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 152,000 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 25,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 18,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 14,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 13,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 8,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 166,915 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 114,821 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 88,711 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 83,552 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 70,717 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 70,214 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 66,250 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 46,369 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 38,288 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 31,580 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 30,074 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 26,976 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 19,378 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 17,567 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,194 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,437 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 9,516 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,853 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,671 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,468 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,986 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,550 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,924 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,894 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,739 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,595 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 2,080 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,816 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,763 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,679 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,631 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,612 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,573 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,024 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 962 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 903 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 834 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 742 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 674 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 645 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 623 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 614 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 614 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 576 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 529 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 304 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 220 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 102 | 10.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 72 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 58 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 58 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 31 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 19 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 5 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (30,074 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (19,378 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Singapore: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (12,437 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,909 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,461 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.