Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 738 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (26%) and India (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
United States78 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 4%)Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)Norway29 kt (est. 4%)Algeria23 kt (est. 3%)Libya16 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins54 kt (est. 7%)Kuwait: no crude data194 kt (26%)India: no crude data159 kt (22%)Egypt: no crude data27 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data24 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data13 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)284 kt (38%)Kuwait194 kt (26%)India159 kt (22%)Egypt27 kt (4%)Singapore24 kt (3%)Netherlands15 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates13 kt (2%)Germany6.0 kt (<1%)Belgium6.0 kt (<1%)United States6.0 kt (<1%)Spain3.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply738 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- India
- Egypt
- Singapore
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- United States78 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway29 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria23 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins54 kt (est. 7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data194 kt (26%)
- India: no crude data159 kt (22%)
- Egypt: no crude data27 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data24 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 284,000 | 38.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 194,000 | 26.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 159,000 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | France: jet fuel supply | 27,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 24,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 194,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 159,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 71,721 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 44,947 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 34,467 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 27,774 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 27,345 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 23,939 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 22,605 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 15,602 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 12,553 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,843 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,712 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 3,049 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,221 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,906 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,741 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,671 | 55.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,466 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,322 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,302 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,261 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,246 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,016 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 921 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 825 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 674 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 533 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 451 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 376 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 356 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 326 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 317 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 306 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 275 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 226 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 226 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 192 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 179 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 166 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 163 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 133 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 115 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 111 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 104 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 101 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 95 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 50 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 44 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 29 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (194,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (159,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (24,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (12,553 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,551 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,406 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.