Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, France's jet fuel supply was 933 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (40%), Saudi Arabia (7%) and the United States (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
United States100 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan40 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)Norway34 kt (est. 4%)Iraq34 kt (est. 4%)Algeria29 kt (est. 3%)Libya28 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins71 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data375 kt (40%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (7%)United States: no crude data58 kt (6%)Singapore: no crude data26 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data20 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)355 kt (38%)Kuwait375 kt (40%)Saudi Arabia65 kt (7%)United States58 kt (6%)Singapore26 kt (3%)Belgium24 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates20 kt (2%)Spain4.0 kt (<1%)Trinidad and Tobago4.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply933 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Singapore
- Belgium
- United Arab Emirates
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Other (3)
- United States100 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan40 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway34 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq34 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria29 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya28 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins71 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data375 kt (40%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data58 kt (6%)
- Singapore: no crude data26 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data20 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 375,000 | 40.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 355,000 | 38.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 65,000 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 58,000 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 26,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 24,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 375,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 94,141 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 65,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 60,567 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 58,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 38,396 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 37,154 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 32,304 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 28,811 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 28,465 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 27,194 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 7,593 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,550 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,901 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,891 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,197 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,091 | 52.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,995 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,059 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 871 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 588 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 408 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 375 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 349 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 293 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 268 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 250 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 237 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 190 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 188 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 176 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 172 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 163 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 150 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 133 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 129 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 125 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 105 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 90 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 78 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 76 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 62 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 60 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 41 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 33 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 26 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 22 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 19 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 13 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (375,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (65,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (58,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,101 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (590 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.