Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 655 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (37%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Nigeria (7%) and Norway (6%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
United States97 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria47 kt (est. 7%)Norway41 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan37 kt (est. 6%)Libya31 kt (est. 5%)Algeria25 kt (est. 4%)Iraq23 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins58 kt (est. 9%)Kuwait: no crude data241 kt (37%)United States: no crude data15 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports13 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data10 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)369 kt (56%)Kuwait241 kt (37%)United States15 kt (2%)Singapore10 kt (2%)Belgium7.0 kt (1%)India6.0 kt (<1%)Spain3.0 kt (<1%)Oman2.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply655 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United States
- Singapore
- Belgium
- India
- Spain
- Oman
- Other (2)
- United States97 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria47 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway41 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan37 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya31 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria25 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq23 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins58 kt (est. 9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data241 kt (37%)
- United States: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports13 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data10 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 369,000 | 56.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 241,000 | 36.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 10,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | France: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 241,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 94,369 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 53,661 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 46,856 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 39,007 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 35,873 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 30,859 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 25,099 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 22,085 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 13,072 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 8,118 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,325 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Oman | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,668 | 55.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,553 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,475 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 702 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 440 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 344 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 303 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 293 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 271 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 233 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 231 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 225 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 176 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 174 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 160 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 154 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 126 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 116 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 116 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 113 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 89 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 88 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 88 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 87 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 72 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 67 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 60 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 56 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 37 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 28 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 25 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 24 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 24 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 19 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (241,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (13,072 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Singapore: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (8,118 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (534 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (94 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.