Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, France's petrol supply was 937 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (25%), Nigeria (11%) and Norway (11%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States232 kt (est. 25%)Nigeria104 kt (est. 11%)Norway102 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 9%)Libya71 kt (est. 8%)Iraq56 kt (est. 6%)Algeria54 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins143 kt (est. 15%)France: crude not from imports28 kt (3%)France: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)United States: no crude data14 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.3 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)794 kt (85%)Netherlands94 kt (10%)Germany18 kt (2%)United States14 kt (1%)Singapore12 kt (1%)Spain2.0 kt (<1%)Belgium1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply937 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- United States
- Singapore
- Spain
- Belgium
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States232 kt (est. 25%)
- Nigeria104 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway102 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya71 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq56 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria54 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins143 kt (est. 15%)
- France: crude not from imports28 kt (3%)
- France: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.3 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 794,000 | 84.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 94,000 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 18,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 14,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 12,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 203,060 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 115,465 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 100,823 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 83,934 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 77,191 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 66,402 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 54,008 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 47,522 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 28,128 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 25,489 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 21,905 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 17,467 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,514 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,401 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,259 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 5,652 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,272 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,158 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,168 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,886 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,276 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,268 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,240 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,036 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,562 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,112 | 55.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 611 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 534 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 509 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 456 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 337 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 332 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 293 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 222 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 211 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 195 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 176 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 149 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 116 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 100 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 93 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 78 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 78 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 59 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 49 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 45 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 43 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 32 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 29 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 25 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 20 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (28,128 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- France: crude origin not reported (17,467 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,086 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,263 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.