Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 788 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (37%) and the United Arab Emirates (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%) and Norway (5%), and 62% cannot be traced.
Country
United States80 kt (est. 10%)Norway40 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan36 kt (est. 5%)Iraq25 kt (est. 3%)Libya22 kt (est. 3%)Algeria19 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 5%)Kuwait: no crude data289 kt (37%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data98 kt (12%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data23 kt (3%)Libya: no crude data18 kt (2%)United States: no crude data18 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports9.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)301 kt (38%)Kuwait289 kt (37%)United Arab Emirates98 kt (12%)Egypt30 kt (4%)Singapore23 kt (3%)Libya18 kt (2%)United States18 kt (2%)Spain5.0 kt (<1%)Belgium3.0 kt (<1%)Germany2.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply788 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United Arab Emirates
- Egypt
- Singapore
- Libya
- United States
- Spain
- Other (3)
- United States80 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway40 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan36 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq25 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya22 kt (est. 3%)
- Algeria19 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data289 kt (37%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data98 kt (12%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data23 kt (3%)
- Libya: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports9.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 301,000 | 38.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 289,000 | 36.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 98,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | France: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 23,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 18,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 18,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 289,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 78,058 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 38,337 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 36,849 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 35,336 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 34,388 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 24,053 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 23,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 21,745 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 18,771 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 9,873 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 3,590 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,780 | 55.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 947 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 690 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 619 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 575 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 542 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 432 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 390 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 358 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 324 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 318 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 262 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 254 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 239 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 237 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 234 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 185 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 182 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 173 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 151 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 145 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 141 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 117 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 104 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 100 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 92 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 72 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 64 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 61 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 61 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 47 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 33 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 32 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 30 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 8 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (289,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (23,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (9,873 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,142 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.