Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 733 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (23%), China (13%) and India (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Kazakhstan (7%) and Nigeria (6%), and 58% cannot be traced.
Country
United States74 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan50 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria42 kt (est. 6%)Norway36 kt (est. 5%)Libya27 kt (est. 4%)Algeria24 kt (est. 3%)Iraq22 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins36 kt (est. 5%)Kuwait: no crude data166 kt (23%)China: no crude data98 kt (13%)India: no crude data54 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data48 kt (7%)United States: no crude data26 kt (4%)Malaysia: no crude data11 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports9.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown4.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)297 kt (41%)Kuwait166 kt (23%)China98 kt (13%)India54 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (7%)United States26 kt (4%)Netherlands16 kt (2%)Malaysia11 kt (2%)Belgium8.0 kt (1%)Spain4.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply733 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- China
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Netherlands
- Malaysia
- Other (4)
- United States74 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan50 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria42 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria24 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins36 kt (est. 5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data166 kt (23%)
- China: no crude data98 kt (13%)
- India: no crude data54 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data48 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data26 kt (4%)
- Malaysia: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports9.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown4.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 297,000 | 40.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 166,000 | 22.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 98,000 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 54,000 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 48,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 26,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: jet fuel supply | 11,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 166,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 68,975 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 54,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 48,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 46,001 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 40,198 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 31,573 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 27,854 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 25,533 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 23,633 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 20,099 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 11,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 9,443 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 3,693 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,477 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,308 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,838 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,344 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,314 | 57.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,271 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,695 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,311 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,258 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,075 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,014 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 963 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 586 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 580 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 518 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 507 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 388 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 317 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 305 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 213 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Spain | 207 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 205 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 200 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 176 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 164 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 161 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 161 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 110 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 105 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 103 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 42 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 32 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 26 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 14 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 12 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (166,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (54,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (48,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (9,443 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,973 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (4,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (245 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (4,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.