Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, France's petrol supply was 867 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Nigeria (12%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States185 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan126 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria101 kt (est. 12%)Norway97 kt (est. 11%)Libya69 kt (est. 8%)Iraq56 kt (est. 7%)Algeria55 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins98 kt (est. 11%)France: crude not from imports22 kt (3%)United States: no crude data19 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)683 kt (79%)Netherlands108 kt (12%)Italy19 kt (2%)United States19 kt (2%)Germany15 kt (2%)Singapore10 kt (1%)Argentina7.0 kt (<1%)Belgium3.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply867 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Italy
- United States
- Germany
- Singapore
- Argentina
- Belgium
- Other (2)
- United States185 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan126 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria101 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway97 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya69 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq56 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria55 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins98 kt (est. 11%)
- France: crude not from imports22 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 683,000 | 78.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 108,000 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: petrol supply | 19,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 19,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 15,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 10,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Argentina | France: petrol supply | 7,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 3,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 158,619 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 105,786 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 92,442 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 72,607 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 64,054 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 58,716 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 54,349 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 46,221 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,467 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 22,326 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 21,715 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,158 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,824 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 8,492 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,490 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Argentina | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,843 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,499 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,978 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,515 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,954 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,082 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,007 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,557 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,464 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,644 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,576 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,550 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,438 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 1,309 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,238 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,131 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,078 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 852 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 636 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 632 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 628 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 562 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 553 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 492 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 478 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 403 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 393 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 218 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 204 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 194 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 178 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 146 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 133 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 63 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 60 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 29 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 18 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (21,715 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (16,972 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,217 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.