Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 803 kt: 30% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (41%) and the United Arab Emirates (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (7%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 69% cannot be traced.
Country
United States55 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria33 kt (est. 4%)Libya28 kt (est. 4%)Algeria21 kt (est. 3%)Norway19 kt (est. 2%)Iraq18 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins35 kt (est. 4%)Kuwait: no crude data333 kt (41%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data99 kt (12%)Türkiye: no crude data32 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data26 kt (3%)France: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)United States: no crude data20 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)239 kt (30%)Kuwait333 kt (41%)United Arab Emirates99 kt (12%)Türkiye32 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia26 kt (3%)Netherlands20 kt (2%)United States20 kt (2%)Singapore16 kt (2%)Belgium11 kt (1%)Spain7.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply803 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- France (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Türkiye
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Other (2)
- United States55 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria33 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya28 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria21 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins35 kt (est. 4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data333 kt (41%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data99 kt (12%)
- Türkiye: no crude data32 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data26 kt (3%)
- France: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data20 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 333,000 | 41.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 239,000 | 29.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 99,000 | 12.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | France: jet fuel supply | 32,000 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 26,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 11,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 333,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 99,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 48,719 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 37,114 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 30,450 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 26,428 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 23,348 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 23,257 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 20,384 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 15,696 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 13,605 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,902 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,064 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,711 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,526 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,116 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,050 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,243 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,666 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,579 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,438 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,253 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 966 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 932 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 904 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 836 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 644 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 546 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 520 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 517 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 465 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 353 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 315 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 219 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 133 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 101 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (333,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (99,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (23,348 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,472 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (133 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.