Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 860 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (32%), India (28%) and Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (5%), and 75% cannot be traced.
Country
United States43 kt (est. 5%)Libya34 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria30 kt (est. 3%)Algeria19 kt (est. 2%)Norway15 kt (est. 2%)Iraq9.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins33 kt (est. 4%)Kuwait: no crude data279 kt (32%)India: no crude data237 kt (28%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data55 kt (6%)Libya: no crude data30 kt (3%)United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)Malaysia: no crude data10 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)204 kt (24%)Kuwait279 kt (32%)India237 kt (28%)Saudi Arabia55 kt (6%)Libya30 kt (3%)United States14 kt (2%)Malaysia10 kt (1%)Singapore9.0 kt (1%)Egypt8.0 kt (<1%)Belgium7.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers7.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply860 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- India
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Libya
- United States
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Other (4)
- United States43 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria30 kt (est. 3%)
- Algeria19 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq9.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins33 kt (est. 4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data279 kt (32%)
- India: no crude data237 kt (28%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data55 kt (6%)
- Libya: no crude data30 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Malaysia: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 279,000 | 32.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 237,000 | 27.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 204,000 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 55,000 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 14,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: jet fuel supply | 10,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 9,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 0.8% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 279,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 237,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 55,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 40,918 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 32,341 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 29,137 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 28,914 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 28,285 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 18,310 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 12,632 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 8,982 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 3,690 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,750 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,958 | 28.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,628 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,159 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,140 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 960 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 830 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 791 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 595 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 512 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 495 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 428 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 403 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 342 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 297 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 244 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 127 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 74 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 62 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (279,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (237,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (55,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,690 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,096 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.