Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, France's petrol supply was 949 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Libya (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States177 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan130 kt (est. 14%)Libya129 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria116 kt (est. 12%)Norway77 kt (est. 8%)Algeria70 kt (est. 7%)Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins155 kt (est. 16%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (1%)France: crude not from imports14 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown8.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)747 kt (79%)Belgium87 kt (9%)Netherlands36 kt (4%)Spain24 kt (3%)Germany17 kt (2%)Singapore13 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia8.0 kt (<1%)United States5.0 kt (<1%)Italy2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported8.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply949 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Germany
- Singapore
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Other (4)
- United States177 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan130 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya129 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria116 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway77 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria70 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins155 kt (est. 16%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- France: crude not from imports14 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown8.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 747,000 | 78.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 87,000 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 36,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 24,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 17,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 13,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: petrol supply | 8,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 8,000 | 0.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 5,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 149,831 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 118,424 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 106,693 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 105,876 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 103,575 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 67,045 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 46,256 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 32,891 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 24,332 | 28.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 20,232 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14,408 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 14,164 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 13,513 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 12,571 | 52.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,666 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,120 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,846 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,362 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,475 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,248 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,708 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,177 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,910 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 2,896 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,803 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,463 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,438 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,371 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,160 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,091 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,947 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,914 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,574 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,381 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,355 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,052 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,012 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 914 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 811 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 766 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 665 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 652 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 620 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 522 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 456 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 444 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 315 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 302 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 209 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 129 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 118 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 106 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 92 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 40 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 29 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 18 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 13 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (13,513 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Singapore: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (8,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,202 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (209 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (8,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.