Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 873 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (23%), India (18%) and Saudi Arabia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%), Libya (7%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 55% cannot be traced.
Country
United States80 kt (est. 9%)Libya62 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan53 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria44 kt (est. 5%)Norway36 kt (est. 4%)Algeria33 kt (est. 4%)Iraq22 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins67 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data198 kt (23%)India: no crude data161 kt (18%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data80 kt (9%)France: crude not from imports14 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)345 kt (40%)Kuwait198 kt (23%)India161 kt (18%)Saudi Arabia80 kt (9%)Belgium39 kt (4%)Spain16 kt (2%)Singapore10 kt (1%)Netherlands9.0 kt (1%)Germany8.0 kt (<1%)United States6.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply873 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- Spain
- Singapore
- Netherlands
- Other (3)
- United States80 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya62 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan53 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria44 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria33 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins67 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data198 kt (23%)
- India: no crude data161 kt (18%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data80 kt (9%)
- France: crude not from imports14 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 345,000 | 39.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 198,000 | 22.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 161,000 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 80,000 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 39,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 10,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 9,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 198,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 161,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 80,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 68,623 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 58,123 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 43,781 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 41,654 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 40,762 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 30,812 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 23,984 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 19,249 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 13,690 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,584 | 32.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,356 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8,034 | 50.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,566 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,900 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,323 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,581 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,467 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,015 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,849 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,759 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,529 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,469 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,408 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,276 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,231 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,206 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,195 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,100 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,058 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Germany | 971 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 811 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 735 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 692 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 575 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 553 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 547 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 536 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 496 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 414 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 249 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 211 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 196 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 185 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 137 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 109 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (198,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (161,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (80,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (13,690 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Singapore: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,105 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (196 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.