Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, France's petrol supply was 1,109 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (13%) and Libya (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States230 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan140 kt (est. 13%)Libya109 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria104 kt (est. 9%)Norway96 kt (est. 9%)Iraq85 kt (est. 8%)Algeria76 kt (est. 7%)Other crude origins207 kt (est. 19%)Singapore: no crude data18 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown9.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)833 kt (75%)Netherlands214 kt (19%)Spain26 kt (2%)Singapore18 kt (2%)Germany6.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported9.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply1.11 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Singapore
- Germany
- United Arab Emirates
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States230 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan140 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya109 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria104 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway96 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq85 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria76 kt (est. 7%)
- Other crude origins207 kt (est. 19%)
- Singapore: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown9.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 833,000 | 75.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 214,000 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 26,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 18,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 9,000 | 0.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 182,883 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 132,364 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 110,600 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 106,105 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 87,767 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 74,637 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 64,434 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 60,856 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 60,438 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 41,792 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 33,872 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 27,963 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 19,023 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 17,789 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 13,772 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 12,706 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 12,356 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Spain | 4,084 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,065 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,266 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,596 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,382 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,118 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,068 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 984 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 984 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 838 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 714 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 533 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 390 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 353 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 322 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 247 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 209 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 158 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 147 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 123 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 30 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 18 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 14 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (17,789 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude origin not reported (13,772 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (9,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (390 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (223 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (9,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.