Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 1,077 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (27%), the South Korea (10%) and the United Arab Emirates (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 61% cannot be traced.
Country
United States91 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan67 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria46 kt (est. 4%)Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)Libya37 kt (est. 3%)Norway35 kt (est. 3%)Algeria33 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins76 kt (est. 7%)Kuwait: no crude data293 kt (27%)South Korea: no crude data105 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data97 kt (9%)China: no crude data54 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data42 kt (4%)France: crude not from imports23 kt (2%)United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)401 kt (37%)Kuwait293 kt (27%)South Korea105 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates97 kt (9%)China54 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia42 kt (4%)Belgium30 kt (3%)Netherlands17 kt (2%)United States17 kt (2%)Singapore13 kt (1%)Other suppliers8.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply1.08 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- United Arab Emirates
- China
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- United States
- Other (4)
- United States91 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan67 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria46 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya37 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway35 kt (est. 3%)
- Algeria33 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins76 kt (est. 7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data293 kt (27%)
- South Korea: no crude data105 kt (10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data97 kt (9%)
- China: no crude data54 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data42 kt (4%)
- France: crude not from imports23 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 401,000 | 37.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 293,000 | 27.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 105,000 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 97,000 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 54,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 42,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.7% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 293,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 105,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 97,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 83,276 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 58,027 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 57,547 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 54,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 43,544 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 42,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 36,399 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 35,919 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 33,227 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 24,768 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 23,358 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 17,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,886 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,705 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,903 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,934 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,842 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,704 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,204 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,959 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,511 | 68.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,410 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,374 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,248 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,169 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1,152 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1,102 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 962 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 876 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 780 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 764 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 566 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 482 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 426 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 387 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 292 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 224 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 70 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (293,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (105,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (97,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (54,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (42,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (23,358 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (17,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,238 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (70 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.