Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 893 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (17%), Kuwait (10%) and the South Korea (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 52% cannot be traced.
Country
United States98 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan74 kt (est. 8%)Norway42 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)Iraq38 kt (est. 4%)Libya29 kt (est. 3%)Algeria24 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins87 kt (est. 10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data151 kt (17%)Kuwait: no crude data91 kt (10%)South Korea: no crude data87 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data24 kt (3%)Nigeria: no crude data21 kt (2%)United States: no crude data19 kt (2%)Other suppliers: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.8 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)374 kt (42%)United Arab Emirates151 kt (17%)Kuwait91 kt (10%)South Korea87 kt (10%)Belgium44 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (4%)Singapore24 kt (3%)Nigeria21 kt (2%)United States19 kt (2%)Netherlands17 kt (2%)Other suppliers25 kt (3%)France: jet fuel supply893 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- Nigeria
- Other (5)
- United States98 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan74 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway42 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq38 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 3%)
- Algeria24 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins87 kt (est. 10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data151 kt (17%)
- Kuwait: no crude data91 kt (10%)
- South Korea: no crude data87 kt (10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data24 kt (3%)
- Nigeria: no crude data21 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 374,000 | 41.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 151,000 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 91,000 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 87,000 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 44,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 40,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 2.8% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 24,000 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France: jet fuel supply | 21,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 19,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 151,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 91,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 87,573 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 87,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 64,214 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 62,115 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 40,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 35,956 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 35,023 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 27,558 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 27,266 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 23,884 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13,487 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,127 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 8,457 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,201 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,529 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 4,995 | 70.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,524 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,488 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,386 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,329 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,547 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,997 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1,980 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 1,954 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1,395 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1,229 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,077 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,051 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 984 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 961 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 726 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 660 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 566 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 509 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 478 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 372 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 286 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 118 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (151,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (91,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (87,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (40,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (24,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (21,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,861 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,763 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.