Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, France's petrol supply was 1,015 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Norway (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States218 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan153 kt (est. 15%)Norway97 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria86 kt (est. 8%)Iraq85 kt (est. 8%)Libya59 kt (est. 6%)Brazil52 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins201 kt (est. 20%)France: crude not from imports16 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data15 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown9.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)718 kt (71%)Netherlands199 kt (20%)Spain47 kt (5%)Germany19 kt (2%)Singapore15 kt (1%)United States6.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported9.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply1.02 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Germany
- Singapore
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States218 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan153 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway97 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria86 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq85 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya59 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil52 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins201 kt (est. 20%)
- France: crude not from imports16 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown9.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 718,000 | 70.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 199,000 | 19.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 47,000 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 19,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 15,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 9,000 | 0.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 168,121 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 141,920 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 119,247 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 69,029 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 67,237 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 52,905 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 52,345 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 40,831 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 38,970 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 33,886 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 29,813 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France (own refineries) | 27,208 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,823 | 44.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 19,066 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 16,235 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 12,607 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,304 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 11,523 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Spain | 7,727 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,886 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 5,227 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,170 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 3,751 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,244 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 3,201 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,674 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,525 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,484 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,160 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,510 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,412 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,112 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 862 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 611 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 448 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 422 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 194 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 161 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 113 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 33 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (16,235 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Singapore: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (12,304 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (9,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,163 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (448 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (9,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.