Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 849 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (19%), the South Korea (12%) and India (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Norway (6%), and 49% cannot be traced.
Country
United States86 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 9%)Norway52 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria46 kt (est. 5%)Iraq31 kt (est. 4%)Algeria30 kt (est. 4%)Libya30 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins82 kt (est. 10%)Kuwait: no crude data158 kt (19%)South Korea: no crude data105 kt (12%)India: no crude data66 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data18 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)395 kt (47%)Kuwait158 kt (19%)South Korea105 kt (12%)India66 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (5%)Netherlands28 kt (3%)Singapore18 kt (2%)Belgium16 kt (2%)United States8.0 kt (<1%)Trinidad and Tobago7.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers8.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply849 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- United States86 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway52 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria46 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq31 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria30 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins82 kt (est. 10%)
- Kuwait: no crude data158 kt (19%)
- South Korea: no crude data105 kt (12%)
- India: no crude data66 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 395,000 | 46.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 158,000 | 18.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 105,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 66,000 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 40,000 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 28,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 18,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 158,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 105,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 76,611 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 67,221 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 66,317 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 66,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 43,546 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 41,487 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 40,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 29,883 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 29,571 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 28,729 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 11,042 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,277 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,125 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,855 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,376 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,939 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,710 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 3,408 | 70.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,903 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,882 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,637 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,625 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,542 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,311 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1,217 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 743 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 616 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 593 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 567 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 530 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 524 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 366 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 352 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 187 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 164 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 81 | 2.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 34 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 29 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (158,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (105,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (66,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (40,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (11,042 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,693 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (268 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.