Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 844 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (14%), China (11%) and the United Arab Emirates (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%), Kazakhstan (8%) and Norway (6%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
United States77 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 8%)Norway54 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria42 kt (est. 5%)Algeria34 kt (est. 4%)Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)Libya25 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins73 kt (est. 9%)Kuwait: no crude data120 kt (14%)China: no crude data93 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data89 kt (11%)South Korea: no crude data62 kt (7%)Nigeria: no crude data41 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data19 kt (2%)United States: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)354 kt (42%)Kuwait120 kt (14%)China93 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates89 kt (11%)South Korea62 kt (7%)Nigeria41 kt (5%)Belgium32 kt (4%)Singapore19 kt (2%)Netherlands15 kt (2%)United States12 kt (1%)Other suppliers6.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply844 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- China
- United Arab Emirates
- South Korea
- Nigeria
- Belgium
- Singapore
- Other (5)
- United States77 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway54 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria42 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria34 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya25 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins73 kt (est. 9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data120 kt (14%)
- China: no crude data93 kt (11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data89 kt (11%)
- South Korea: no crude data62 kt (7%)
- Nigeria: no crude data41 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 354,000 | 41.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 120,000 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France: jet fuel supply | 93,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 89,000 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 62,000 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France: jet fuel supply | 41,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 32,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 19,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 12,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.7% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 120,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 93,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 89,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 68,885 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 62,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 56,671 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 55,598 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 43,273 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 41,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 38,487 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 33,892 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 28,611 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 24,732 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,248 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,869 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,620 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,392 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 3,851 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,348 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,303 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,693 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,409 | 70.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,198 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,138 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,538 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,073 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 969 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 878 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 855 | 28.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 538 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 487 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 467 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 466 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 384 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 382 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 312 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 194 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 170 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 46 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (120,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (93,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (89,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (62,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (41,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,152 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (603 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.