Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, France's jet fuel supply was 890 kt: 46% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (34%) and Oman (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Kazakhstan (6%) and Algeria (6%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
United States86 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 6%)Algeria54 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria54 kt (est. 6%)Norway53 kt (est. 6%)Iraq29 kt (est. 3%)Libya25 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins79 kt (est. 9%)Kuwait: no crude data304 kt (34%)Oman: no crude data97 kt (11%)Singapore: no crude data18 kt (2%)United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)410 kt (46%)Kuwait304 kt (34%)Oman97 kt (11%)Spain26 kt (3%)Singapore18 kt (2%)United States17 kt (2%)Netherlands8.0 kt (<1%)Belgium5.0 kt (<1%)Trinidad and Tobago4.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply890 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Oman
- Spain
- Singapore
- United States
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Other (2)
- United States86 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria54 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria54 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway53 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq29 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya25 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins79 kt (est. 9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data304 kt (34%)
- Oman: no crude data97 kt (11%)
- Singapore: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 410,000 | 46.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 304,000 | 34.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | France: jet fuel supply | 97,000 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 26,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 18,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 304,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 97,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 78,517 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 63,153 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 53,403 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 52,986 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 50,003 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 49,875 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 26,301 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 23,574 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 17,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 12,204 | 46.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 7,698 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,490 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 4,142 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,125 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,963 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,770 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,734 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,684 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,476 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,439 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,429 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,267 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,177 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,162 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 861 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 859 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 673 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 512 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 481 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 465 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 258 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 196 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 182 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 159 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 156 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 150 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 142 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 97 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 74 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 61 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 39 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 29 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 20 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 12 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (304,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (97,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (17,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,892 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,052 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.