Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, France's jet fuel supply was 756 kt: 46% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (17%), the United Arab Emirates (13%) and the United States (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Kazakhstan (6%) and Nigeria (6%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
United States122 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria42 kt (est. 6%)Norway35 kt (est. 5%)Algeria32 kt (est. 4%)Iraq22 kt (est. 3%)Libya21 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins62 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data128 kt (17%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data100 kt (13%)United States: no crude data91 kt (12%)Libya: no crude data27 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data19 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.5 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)350 kt (46%)Kuwait128 kt (17%)United Arab Emirates100 kt (13%)United States91 kt (12%)Libya27 kt (4%)Netherlands21 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia19 kt (3%)Belgium17 kt (2%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)Spain1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply756 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
- Libya
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- Other (3)
- United States122 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria42 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway35 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria32 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya21 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins62 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data128 kt (17%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data100 kt (13%)
- United States: no crude data91 kt (12%)
- Libya: no crude data27 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data19 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.5 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 350,000 | 46.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 128,000 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 100,000 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 91,000 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 27,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 21,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 19,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 128,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 112,565 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 100,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 91,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 52,562 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 39,699 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 39,055 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 31,203 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 24,874 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 20,392 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 20,187 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,572 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 5,567 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,325 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,623 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,509 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,421 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 3,897 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,655 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,670 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,523 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,482 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,431 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,309 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,291 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 538 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 448 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 314 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 295 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 273 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 161 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 152 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 149 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 148 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 138 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 135 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 93 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 79 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 51 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 41 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 40 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 34 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 30 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 16 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 13 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 4 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (128,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (100,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (91,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,637 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,454 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.