Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, France's jet fuel supply was 1,026 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (36%), Bahrain (10%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Nigeria (6%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
United States160 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria60 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 6%)Libya43 kt (est. 4%)Norway38 kt (est. 4%)Iraq37 kt (est. 4%)Algeria29 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins108 kt (est. 11%)Kuwait: no crude data368 kt (36%)Bahrain: no crude data100 kt (10%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.8 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)464 kt (45%)Kuwait368 kt (36%)Bahrain100 kt (10%)Italy57 kt (6%)Netherlands11 kt (1%)Belgium9.0 kt (<1%)Trinidad and Tobago7.0 kt (<1%)United States6.0 kt (<1%)Spain2.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply1.03 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Bahrain
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United States
- Other (2)
- United States160 kt (est. 16%)
- Nigeria60 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya43 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway38 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq37 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria29 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins108 kt (est. 11%)
- Kuwait: no crude data368 kt (36%)
- Bahrain: no crude data100 kt (10%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.8 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 464,000 | 45.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 368,000 | 35.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | France: jet fuel supply | 100,000 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: jet fuel supply | 57,000 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 11,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 9,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 368,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 151,001 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 100,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 81,990 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 56,965 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 50,865 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 32,330 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 31,047 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 27,472 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 27,162 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 20,120 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 15,465 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,672 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 5,168 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 4,207 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,783 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,510 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,348 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,957 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,481 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,430 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,100 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,781 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,383 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 1,157 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,132 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 946 | 47.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 868 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 823 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 767 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 740 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 629 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 571 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 517 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 274 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 263 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 239 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 229 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 211 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 132 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 108 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 74 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 73 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 10 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (368,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (100,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,561 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,792 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.