Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, France's petrol supply was 736 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Kazakhstan (16%) and Norway (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States160 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan119 kt (est. 16%)Norway72 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria63 kt (est. 9%)Algeria56 kt (est. 8%)Libya35 kt (est. 5%)Brazil33 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins128 kt (est. 17%)Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (3%)Origin not reported: crude unknown15 kt (2%)United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)577 kt (78%)Netherlands73 kt (10%)Spain18 kt (2%)United States14 kt (2%)Singapore9.0 kt (1%)Australia7.0 kt (<1%)Japan7.0 kt (<1%)Germany6.0 kt (<1%)Malaysia6.0 kt (<1%)Belgium2.0 kt (<1%)Italy2.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported15 kt (2%)France: petrol supply736 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- United States
- Singapore
- Australia
- Japan
- Malaysia
- Other (4)
- United States160 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan119 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway72 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria63 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria56 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya35 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil33 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins128 kt (est. 17%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (3%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown15 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 577,000 | 78.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 73,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 18,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 15,000 | 2.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 14,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: petrol supply | 9,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Australia | France: petrol supply | 7,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Japan | France: petrol supply | 7,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 138,276 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 109,272 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 98,094 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 58,442 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 55,599 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 54,250 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 31,028 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France (own refineries) | 25,969 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 19,218 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 17,899 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,012 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 7,310 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Australia | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,952 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 6,071 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,309 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,137 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,739 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,245 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,165 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,054 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,994 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,545 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,544 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,174 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,072 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,070 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 1,031 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 826 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 722 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 715 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 703 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 536 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 528 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 497 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 318 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 273 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 266 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 202 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 182 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 121 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 103 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 95 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 86 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 67 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 55 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 51 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 43 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 38 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 35 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 30 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 23 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (15,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- United States: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,222 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (277 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (15,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.