Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,295 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
United States598 kt (est. 18%)Norway432 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan312 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom292 kt (est. 9%)Libya237 kt (est. 7%)Iraq208 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria147 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins595 kt (est. 18%)India: no crude data151 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported75 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports71 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data53 kt (2%)United States: no crude data42 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported41 kt (1%)Oman: no crude data40 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.20 Mt (67%)Netherlands580 kt (18%)Belgium211 kt (6%)India151 kt (5%)United States42 kt (1%)Oman40 kt (1%)China30 kt (<1%)Norway12 kt (<1%)United Kingdom9.5 kt (<1%)Czechia5.9 kt (<1%)Other suppliers11 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.30 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- India
- United States
- Oman
- China
- Norway
- Other (7)
- United States598 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway432 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan312 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom292 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya237 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq208 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria147 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins595 kt (est. 18%)
- India: no crude data151 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported75 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports71 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data53 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported41 kt (1%)
- Oman: no crude data40 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2023)
210.6 thousand tonnes
6% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins44 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway37 kt (est. 18%)
- United States35 kt (est. 17%)
and 7 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,203,537 | 66.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 579,856 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 210,613 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 150,542 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 41,647 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Germany: road diesel supply | 40,041 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Germany: road diesel supply | 30,294 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany: road diesel supply | 12,186 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 11,093 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 9,522 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,888 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 440,533 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 404,647 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 292,916 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 269,161 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 235,421 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 193,687 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 157,580 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 150,542 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 127,543 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 105,708 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 98,361 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 93,886 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 74,545 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 71,198 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 68,933 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 64,952 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 43,834 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,647 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 40,041 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 39,377 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 37,047 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 35,008 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 30,294 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 28,355 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 25,369 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 21,318 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 19,574 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 15,426 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 15,067 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 13,266 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 12,186 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 9,522 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 4,546 | 77.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 3,451 | 136.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,780 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,214 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1,211 | 33.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1,022 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 846 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 820 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 739 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 729 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 718 | 46.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 390 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 279 | 22.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 216 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 179 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 35 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 23 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (150,542 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (74,545 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (71,198 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (52,822 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (41,647 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (41,305 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Oman: no crude data (40,041 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,493 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.