Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,561 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway599 kt (est. 17%)United States508 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan437 kt (est. 12%)Libya393 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom342 kt (est. 10%)Iraq199 kt (est. 6%)Canada131 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins506 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported205 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data115 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data46 kt (1%)United States: no crude data44 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported31 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.52 Mt (71%)Netherlands461 kt (13%)Belgium286 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia115 kt (3%)Sweden49 kt (1%)Kuwait46 kt (1%)United States44 kt (1%)Austria14 kt (<1%)Czechia10 kt (<1%)Denmark4.9 kt (<1%)Other suppliers5.2 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.56 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- Sweden
- Kuwait
- United States
- Austria
- Other (5)
- Norway599 kt (est. 17%)
- United States508 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan437 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya393 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom342 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq199 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada131 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins506 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported205 kt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data115 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data46 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data44 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported31 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2025)
286.0 thousand tonnes
8% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins73 kt (est. 26%)
- Norway67 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 17%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,524,926 | 70.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 460,871 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 286,046 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 115,011 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 49,300 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 45,670 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 44,324 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 14,269 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,282 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,241 | 0.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,918 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 416,268 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 365,835 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 362,156 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 357,385 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 310,521 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 271,908 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 205,044 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 156,243 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 115,011 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 91,148 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 87,644 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 79,566 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 73,095 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 70,093 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 66,522 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 54,106 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 52,199 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 47,373 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 46,569 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 45,670 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 44,324 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 37,255 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 30,395 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27,654 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 25,733 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 20,573 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 13,966 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 10,377 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 10,256 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 9,184 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7,150 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 6,715 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 6,360 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 5,390 | 52.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5,175 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 4,211 | 212.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,659 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,517 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,313 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 2,161 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,842 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,608 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,496 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,443 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,224 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 950 | 19.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 913 | 6.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 873 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 694 | 20.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 446 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 312 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 249 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 37 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 29 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 12 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 8 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (205,044 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (115,011 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (45,670 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (44,324 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (31,085 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,475 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.