Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,670 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%) and the United States (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), the United States (13%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway504 kt (est. 14%)United States471 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan462 kt (est. 13%)Libya363 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom291 kt (est. 8%)Iraq176 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria164 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins495 kt (est. 13%)United States: no crude data283 kt (8%)Germany: crude origin not reported210 kt (6%)India: no crude data122 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports59 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported42 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.56 Mt (70%)Netherlands490 kt (13%)United States283 kt (8%)Belgium164 kt (4%)India122 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia22 kt (<1%)Austria13 kt (<1%)Denmark9.4 kt (<1%)Czechia8.3 kt (<1%)France1.6 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.67 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Austria
- Denmark
- Other (4)
- Norway504 kt (est. 14%)
- United States471 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan462 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya363 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom291 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq176 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria164 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins495 kt (est. 13%)
- United States: no crude data283 kt (8%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported210 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data122 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports59 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported42 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2025)
164.1 thousand tonnes
4% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins52 kt (est. 32%)
- Norway38 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan30 kt (est. 18%)
and 7 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,555,305 | 69.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 490,187 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 282,750 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 164,091 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 122,456 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 22,126 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 13,279 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 9,368 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 8,331 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 361,146 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 354,072 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 353,512 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 348,023 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 345,856 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 282,750 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 246,861 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 210,093 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 147,894 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 128,852 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 122,456 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 107,229 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 102,510 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 87,793 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 68,963 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 58,995 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 51,926 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 39,596 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 38,053 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 29,772 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 28,666 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 28,442 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 26,988 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 22,126 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 19,306 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,450 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,417 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,812 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,669 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,204 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,047 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,019 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 2,714 | 29.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 2,525 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,922 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,821 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,688 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,559 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,152 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 1,082 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 708 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 576 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 383 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 352 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 310 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 294 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 272 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 176 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 168 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 120 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 116 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 45 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 24 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | France | 6 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (282,750 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (210,093 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (122,456 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (58,995 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (41,894 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22,150 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,408 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.