Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,500 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), Kazakhstan (12%) and the United States (12%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway582 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan431 kt (est. 12%)United States430 kt (est. 12%)Libya428 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom327 kt (est. 9%)Iraq175 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria146 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins508 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported142 kt (4%)United States: no crude data140 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data71 kt (2%)India: no crude data70 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported38 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.43 Mt (70%)Netherlands513 kt (15%)United States140 kt (4%)Belgium133 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia71 kt (2%)India70 kt (2%)Sweden58 kt (2%)Poland42 kt (1%)Lithuania27 kt (<1%)Czechia8.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers4.3 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.50 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Sweden
- Poland
- Other (6)
- Norway582 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan431 kt (est. 12%)
- United States430 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya428 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom327 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq175 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria146 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins508 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported142 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data140 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data71 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data70 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported38 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2025)
8.4 thousand tonnes
<1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins4.2 kt (est. 51%)
- Norway2.9 kt (est. 34%)
- Kazakhstan1.3 kt (est. 15%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,433,990 | 69.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 512,957 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 139,993 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 132,747 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 70,758 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 70,219 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 58,264 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Poland | Germany: road diesel supply | 41,505 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Germany: road diesel supply | 27,058 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 8,357 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,316 | 0.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 424,684 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 409,302 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 330,485 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 321,609 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 308,027 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 258,161 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 142,075 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 139,993 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 131,672 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 107,975 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 96,680 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 96,618 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 89,289 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 72,734 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 70,758 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 70,219 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 49,487 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 41,468 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 41,196 | 31.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 37,656 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 29,670 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 29,176 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 29,026 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 26,119 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 22,175 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 16,389 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 13,343 | 32.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 12,807 | 47.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 8,314 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,621 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,977 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,904 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 6,577 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 5,937 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,203 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,173 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 4,223 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,379 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Czechia | 2,851 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,131 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,118 | 146.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,771 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 1,718 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,712 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 1,615 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 1,516 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,283 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 1,138 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,013 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 856 | 68.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 343 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 245 | 16.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 236 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 175 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 146 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 99 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 47 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 39 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 12 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (142,075 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (139,993 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (70,758 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (70,219 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (37,656 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,337 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,418 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (47 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.