Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,039 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
United States518 kt (est. 17%)Norway503 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan397 kt (est. 13%)Libya331 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom300 kt (est. 10%)Guyana173 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria117 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins408 kt (est. 13%)United States: no crude data106 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported81 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports70 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported30 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.35 Mt (77%)Netherlands413 kt (14%)Belgium137 kt (5%)United States106 kt (3%)Denmark15 kt (<1%)Sweden9.8 kt (<1%)Austria4.6 kt (<1%)Czechia3.9 kt (<1%)Spain0.7 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.04 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Denmark
- Sweden
- Austria
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- United States518 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway503 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan397 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya331 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom300 kt (est. 10%)
- Guyana173 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria117 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins408 kt (est. 13%)
- United States: no crude data106 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported81 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports70 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported30 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2026)
3.9 thousand tonnes
<1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins2.2 kt (est. 56%)
- Norway1.2 kt (est. 32%)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. 12%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,349,045 | 77.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 412,773 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 136,993 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 106,164 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,275 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 9,800 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,649 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 3,899 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 377,529 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 356,032 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 350,219 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 324,093 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 288,401 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 259,944 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 161,231 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 106,164 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 104,662 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 92,267 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 88,630 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 81,034 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 80,613 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 69,950 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 44,899 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 32,909 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 32,823 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 29,937 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 29,457 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 25,739 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 22,831 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 11,944 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 11,513 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10,404 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 6,353 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 5,807 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,618 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5,485 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 4,390 | 28.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 3,439 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,185 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,182 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,702 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,231 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,115 | 11.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,019 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 889 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 820 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 674 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 483 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 473 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 409 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 338 | 52.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 326 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 322 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 273 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 180 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 96 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 88 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 60 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Spain | 30 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 27 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 22 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 20 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 8 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 8 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 8 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 5 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 2 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | France | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (106,164 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (80,613 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (69,950 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (29,937 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,154 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.