Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Germany's petrol supply was 1,821 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (16%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
United States411 kt (est. 23%)Norway287 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan285 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom155 kt (est. 8%)Libya152 kt (est. 8%)Guyana138 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan66 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins270 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude not from imports39 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.58 Mt (87%)Netherlands164 kt (9%)Belgium32 kt (2%)Czechia30 kt (2%)Austria15 kt (<1%)Sweden0.6 kt (<1%)Finland0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.82 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Sweden
- Finland
- United Kingdom
- United States411 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway287 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan285 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom155 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya152 kt (est. 8%)
- Guyana138 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan66 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins270 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude not from imports39 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jun 2026)
138.2 thousand tonnes
est. 8% of Germany's petrol supply
less than 0.1 kt reported138 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Germany (own refineries)135 kt (est. 98%)
- Belgium1.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Austria1.3 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,578,780 | 86.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 163,825 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 32,230 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 29,988 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 15,483 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 358,199 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 248,681 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 246,786 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 208,402 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 146,274 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 139,545 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 135,128 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 55,861 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 44,160 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 43,001 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 39,425 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 28,473 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,513 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,402 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 12,585 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 10,401 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,775 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 9,558 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 8,830 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,914 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,388 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,610 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,398 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,395 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,463 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,964 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 1,848 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 1,758 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,724 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,646 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,586 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 1,331 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 1,297 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 725 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 620 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 613 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 335 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 267 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 212 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 156 | 67.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 120 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Sweden | 100 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 71 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 62 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 44 | 19.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 32 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 30 | 13.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 27 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-06 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (39,425 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (15,500 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,259 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (120 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.