Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,402 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway571 kt (est. 17%)United States570 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan385 kt (est. 11%)Libya307 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom294 kt (est. 9%)Iraq113 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan101 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins506 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported222 kt (7%)United States: no crude data134 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports87 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data40 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported38 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports33 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.56 Mt (75%)Netherlands468 kt (14%)United States134 kt (4%)Belgium132 kt (4%)Kuwait40 kt (1%)Sweden33 kt (<1%)Hungary13 kt (<1%)Austria9.3 kt (<1%)Czechia6.7 kt (<1%)Denmark4.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.7 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.40 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- Sweden
- Hungary
- Austria
- Other (4)
- Norway571 kt (est. 17%)
- United States570 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan385 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya307 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom294 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq113 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan101 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins506 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported222 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data134 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports87 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data40 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported38 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports33 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
113.1 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported113 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)65 kt (est. 57%)
- Netherlands42 kt (est. 37%)
- Belgium6.5 kt (est. 6%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,558,952 | 75.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 467,897 | 13.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 134,431 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 131,800 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 40,473 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,940 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: road diesel supply | 13,276 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 9,291 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 6,738 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,495 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 450,406 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 410,238 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 369,356 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 323,604 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 289,440 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 243,981 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 222,103 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 134,431 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 126,875 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 98,113 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 86,922 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 82,349 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 72,246 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 64,788 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 41,817 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 41,112 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 40,473 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 37,835 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 35,434 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 29,250 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 28,132 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 27,774 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,243 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 17,597 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 13,215 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 11,288 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 10,058 | 75.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 9,704 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,476 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,706 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 5,066 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 4,910 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,242 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 4,142 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,108 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,053 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,676 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,595 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,570 | 19.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 1,770 | 39.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,542 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,472 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 1,325 | 29.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,202 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,071 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 864 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 834 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 648 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 643 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 540 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 307 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Denmark | 198 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 91 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 54 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 43 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 18 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 17 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 14 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 10 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 6 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 4 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 3 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (222,103 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (134,431 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (86,922 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (40,473 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (37,696 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (32,664 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,542 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.