Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,620 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (15%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway553 kt (est. 15%)United States507 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan494 kt (est. 14%)Libya375 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom312 kt (est. 9%)Iraq173 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria123 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins467 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported244 kt (7%)Kuwait: no crude data95 kt (3%)India: no crude data62 kt (2%)United States: no crude data53 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported42 kt (1%)Togo: no crude data42 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports40 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports24 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.52 Mt (70%)Netherlands656 kt (18%)Belgium180 kt (5%)Kuwait95 kt (3%)India62 kt (2%)United States53 kt (1%)Togo42 kt (1%)Czechia6.7 kt (<1%)Austria1.9 kt (<1%)France1.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.62 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- India
- United States
- Togo
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Norway553 kt (est. 15%)
- United States507 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan494 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya375 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom312 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq173 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria123 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins467 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported244 kt (7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data95 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data62 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data53 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported42 kt (1%)
- Togo: no crude data42 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports40 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports24 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
173.1 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported173 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)133 kt (est. 77%)
- Netherlands38 kt (est. 22%)
- Belgium1.0 kt (est. <1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,522,603 | 69.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 655,658 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 180,040 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 95,067 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 62,455 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 52,591 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Togo | Germany: road diesel supply | 41,842 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 6,724 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 389,287 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 374,949 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 364,152 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 336,166 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 319,831 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 253,294 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 244,414 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 146,328 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 133,432 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 117,725 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 96,068 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 95,067 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 88,487 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 67,220 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 62,455 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 55,896 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 54,694 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 52,591 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 46,918 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 44,273 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 42,336 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Togo: no crude data | Togo | 41,842 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 39,857 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 38,398 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 31,619 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 24,711 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 23,502 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 12,029 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,655 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,586 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,966 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,353 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,191 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,059 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 957 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 594 | 8.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 293 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 289 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 270 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 231 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 187 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 184 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 145 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 129 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 111 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 96 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 83 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 57 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | France | 15 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 13 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (244,414 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (95,067 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (62,455 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (52,591 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (42,336 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Togo: no crude data (41,842 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (39,857 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (24,320 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,041 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (57 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.