Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,709 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway624 kt (est. 17%)United States593 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan544 kt (est. 15%)Libya398 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom340 kt (est. 9%)Iraq161 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria130 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins452 kt (est. 12%)Germany: crude origin not reported253 kt (7%)United States: no crude data82 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports49 kt (1%)India: no crude data45 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported37 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.62 Mt (71%)Netherlands637 kt (17%)Belgium235 kt (6%)United States82 kt (2%)Denmark60 kt (2%)India45 kt (1%)Sweden22 kt (<1%)Czechia6.9 kt (<1%)Austria3.6 kt (<1%)France1.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.71 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Denmark
- India
- Sweden
- Czechia
- Other (5)
- Norway624 kt (est. 17%)
- United States593 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan544 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya398 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom340 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq161 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria130 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins452 kt (est. 12%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported253 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data82 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports49 kt (1%)
- India: no crude data45 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported37 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2025)
160.5 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported161 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)103 kt (est. 64%)
- Netherlands54 kt (est. 33%)
- Belgium3.5 kt (est. 2%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,617,095 | 70.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 636,559 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 234,509 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 82,177 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 59,737 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 45,355 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 21,593 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 6,909 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 415,080 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 407,463 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 393,029 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 372,785 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 282,206 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 281,789 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 252,630 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 156,203 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 113,722 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 102,986 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 92,474 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 86,766 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 82,177 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 77,503 | 33.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 76,887 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 55,205 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 53,580 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 51,201 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 45,355 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 40,706 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 40,369 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 40,297 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 37,025 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 32,242 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 23,284 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 19,633 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 16,790 | 28.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 15,477 | 71.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 12,117 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,530 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,882 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,842 | 55.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,641 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,488 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,170 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,813 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,505 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,274 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 661 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 569 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 465 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 398 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 331 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 289 | 4.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 278 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 232 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 189 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 177 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 177 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 93 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 85 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | France | 83 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 73 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 55 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 30 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 27 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 26 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 22 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 16 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 15 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | France | 13 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 9 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 8 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3 | 12.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (252,630 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (82,177 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (49,436 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (45,355 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (37,071 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.