Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,365 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%), the United States (5%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States756 kt (est. 22%)Norway586 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan296 kt (est. 9%)Libya259 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom200 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria151 kt (est. 4%)Iraq108 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins563 kt (est. 17%)United States: no crude data183 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported147 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports52 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports17 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.41 Mt (72%)Netherlands565 kt (17%)United States183 kt (5%)Belgium173 kt (5%)France33 kt (<1%)Czechia3.1 kt (<1%)Austria1.5 kt (<1%)Spain0.4 kt (<1%)Finland0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.37 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- France
- Czechia
- Austria
- Spain
- Other (1)
- United States756 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway586 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan296 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya259 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom200 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria151 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq108 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins563 kt (est. 17%)
- United States: no crude data183 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported147 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports52 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports17 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2024)
295.9 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported296 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)251 kt (est. 85%)
- Netherlands23 kt (est. 8%)
- Belgium17 kt (est. 6%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,406,935 | 71.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 565,034 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 182,598 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 172,532 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,951 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 553,922 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 490,612 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 404,111 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 255,998 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 250,535 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 182,598 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 160,324 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 147,091 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 133,402 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 102,460 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 68,867 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 68,632 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 60,107 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 58,953 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 53,536 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 52,203 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 44,834 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 39,114 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 34,835 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 33,722 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 24,945 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 22,507 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 19,651 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 16,824 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 15,872 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 12,183 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 11,947 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,297 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 7,312 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,687 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,690 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,838 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,564 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,282 | 73.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,829 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,451 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1,351 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 699 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 673 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 648 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 546 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 257 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 255 | 58.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 173 | 11.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 170 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 133 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 108 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 67 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 66 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 45 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 43 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 35 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 33 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 16 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 15 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 8 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 4 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 4 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 2 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 2 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (182,598 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (147,091 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (52,203 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (33,722 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (16,775 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,667 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.