Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,687 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (16%) and Belgium (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway654 kt (est. 18%)United States521 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan380 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom341 kt (est. 9%)Libya312 kt (est. 8%)Iraq162 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria148 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins426 kt (est. 12%)Germany: crude origin not reported251 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data165 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports80 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data79 kt (2%)India: no crude data70 kt (2%)United States: no crude data44 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported44 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.8 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.34 Mt (63%)Netherlands580 kt (16%)Belgium314 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia165 kt (4%)India70 kt (2%)Sweden58 kt (2%)United States44 kt (1%)United Kingdom35 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates30 kt (<1%)Austria14 kt (<1%)Other suppliers36 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.69 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Sweden
- United States
- United Kingdom
- Other (7)
- Norway654 kt (est. 18%)
- United States521 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan380 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom341 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya312 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq162 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria148 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins426 kt (est. 12%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported251 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data165 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports80 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data79 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data70 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data44 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported44 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
379.8 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported380 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)237 kt (est. 62%)
- Netherlands88 kt (est. 23%)
- Belgium45 kt (est. 12%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,340,468 | 63.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 580,081 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 313,669 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 165,112 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 69,854 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 57,750 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 44,387 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 36,241 | 1.0% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 35,261 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 29,975 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 14,275 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 456,858 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 346,806 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 267,749 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 254,560 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 251,136 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 245,629 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 236,949 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 165,112 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 117,877 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 105,833 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 102,257 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 95,347 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 88,458 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 79,599 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 77,453 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 75,434 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 69,854 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 64,712 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 63,964 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 47,516 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 45,033 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 44,387 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 41,714 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 36,341 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 35,261 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 30,529 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 29,975 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 27,034 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 25,788 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 24,235 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 16,325 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 16,283 | 252.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 14,824 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 14,748 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 13,982 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 9,832 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,176 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,312 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,245 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,646 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 3,792 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3,244 | 52.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,632 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2,223 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2,039 | 33.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,463 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,392 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,344 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,210 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 588 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 266 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 42 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 27 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 23 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 14 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (251,136 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (165,112 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (79,599 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (79,218 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (69,854 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (44,387 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (43,796 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,772 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.