Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,866 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
United States674 kt (est. 17%)Norway607 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan489 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom285 kt (est. 7%)Libya246 kt (est. 6%)Iraq208 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia175 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins418 kt (est. 11%)Germany: crude origin not reported222 kt (6%)United States: no crude data127 kt (3%)Oman: no crude data74 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data71 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported68 kt (2%)India: no crude data60 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports51 kt (1%)China: no crude data42 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data41 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.9 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.74 Mt (71%)Netherlands393 kt (10%)Belgium294 kt (8%)United States127 kt (3%)Oman74 kt (2%)Kuwait71 kt (2%)India60 kt (2%)China42 kt (1%)Singapore41 kt (1%)Sweden11 kt (<1%)Other suppliers17 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.87 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Oman
- Kuwait
- India
- China
- Other (8)
- United States674 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway607 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan489 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom285 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya246 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq208 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia175 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins418 kt (est. 11%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported222 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data127 kt (3%)
- Oman: no crude data74 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data71 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported68 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data60 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports51 kt (1%)
- China: no crude data42 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data41 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.9 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
246.3 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported246 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)245 kt (est. 100%)
- Sweden0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other suppliers0.5 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,736,612 | 70.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 392,819 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 294,250 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 126,917 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Germany: road diesel supply | 73,850 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 70,566 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 59,624 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Germany: road diesel supply | 42,244 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Germany: road diesel supply | 40,944 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 17,293 | 0.4% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,989 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 519,363 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 500,590 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 395,084 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 289,100 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 246,438 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 245,096 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 221,795 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 164,620 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 126,917 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 103,317 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 103,266 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 77,389 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 73,850 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 70,566 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 59,624 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 56,690 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 51,260 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 48,916 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 48,788 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 46,688 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 43,067 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 42,286 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 42,244 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 40,944 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 35,785 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 35,637 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 35,008 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 34,197 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 32,954 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 31,361 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 7,771 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 6,218 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5,903 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,296 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2,646 | 68.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,528 | 147.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,179 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1,982 | 47.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,918 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,464 | 103.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,294 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 1,242 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 708 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 614 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 452 | 48.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 292 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 280 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 259 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 122 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 98 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (221,795 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (126,917 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (73,850 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (70,566 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (67,862 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (59,624 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (51,260 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- China: no crude data (42,244 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (40,944 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,218 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,901 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.