Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,857 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway699 kt (est. 18%)United States601 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan405 kt (est. 11%)Libya331 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom322 kt (est. 8%)Iraq273 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria160 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins610 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported173 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data87 kt (2%)United States: no crude data84 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported56 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported35 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports19 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.67 Mt (69%)Netherlands713 kt (18%)Belgium232 kt (6%)Kuwait87 kt (2%)United States84 kt (2%)Sweden66 kt (2%)Austria3.8 kt (<1%)Czechia2.2 kt (<1%)France1.9 kt (<1%)Spain1.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.86 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- United States
- Sweden
- Austria
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Norway699 kt (est. 18%)
- United States601 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan405 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya331 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom322 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq273 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria160 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins610 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported173 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data87 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data84 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported56 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported35 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports19 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
330.5 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported331 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)321 kt (est. 97%)
- Netherlands4.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Sweden3.6 kt (est. 1%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,665,310 | 69.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 713,289 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 231,892 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 87,046 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 84,225 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 65,886 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 498,374 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 434,622 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 399,186 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 321,174 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 301,307 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 231,594 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 202,264 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 172,928 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 155,591 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 122,339 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 119,107 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 89,950 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 87,046 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 84,225 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 73,537 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 69,350 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 60,391 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 56,334 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 51,733 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 48,890 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 42,418 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 42,092 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 38,556 | 58.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 32,277 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 28,813 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 14,666 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 13,911 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 12,484 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 10,252 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 6,415 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,906 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 4,784 | 7.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,428 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 4,095 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 3,626 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,624 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,838 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,554 | 70.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 727 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 637 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 565 | 53.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 527 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 370 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 358 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 338 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 259 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 257 | 6.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 249 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France | 212 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 207 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 189 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 158 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 151 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 147 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 130 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 130 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 123 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 83 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 77 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Spain | 71 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 63 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 50 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 46 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 37 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 26 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 21 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 17 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 12 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 11 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (172,928 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (87,046 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (84,225 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (56,334 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (35,406 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (19,103 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (249 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.