Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,630 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (14%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (13%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway652 kt (est. 18%)United States463 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan438 kt (est. 12%)Libya423 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom366 kt (est. 10%)Iraq203 kt (est. 6%)Canada107 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins513 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported170 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data75 kt (2%)India: no crude data69 kt (2%)United States: no crude data41 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported39 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data37 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data29 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.54 Mt (70%)Netherlands513 kt (14%)Belgium198 kt (5%)Kuwait75 kt (2%)India69 kt (2%)Sweden66 kt (2%)Lithuania44 kt (1%)United States41 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates37 kt (1%)United Kingdom29 kt (<1%)Other suppliers20 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.63 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- India
- Sweden
- Lithuania
- United States
- Other (6)
- Norway652 kt (est. 18%)
- United States463 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan438 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya423 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom366 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq203 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada107 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins513 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported170 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data75 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data69 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data41 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported39 kt (1%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data37 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data29 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2025)
423.0 thousand tonnes
est. 12% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported423 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)405 kt (est. 96%)
- Netherlands7.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Belgium6.3 kt (est. 1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,536,834 | 69.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 513,120 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 198,319 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 75,421 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 69,036 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 65,829 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Germany: road diesel supply | 43,952 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 41,384 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 37,113 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 28,878 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 20,103 | 0.6% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 465,792 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 404,760 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 335,639 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 335,595 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 307,991 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 287,354 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 169,957 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 157,430 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 114,860 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 87,151 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 77,366 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 75,421 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 72,315 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 69,036 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 62,704 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 60,757 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 57,404 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 47,577 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 41,904 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,384 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 39,476 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 37,113 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 33,387 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 32,027 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 30,000 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 28,878 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 21,085 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 20,768 | 47.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 16,339 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 14,009 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 13,141 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 8,873 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 7,817 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 7,673 | 128.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,668 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 6,258 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 6,010 | 91.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,958 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 3,674 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,813 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,782 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 2,656 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2,540 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,786 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1,648 | 46.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 1,386 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 711 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 495 | 9.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 478 | 11.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 434 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 389 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 257 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Other suppliers | 65 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (169,957 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (75,421 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (69,036 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (41,384 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (39,476 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (37,113 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (28,878 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,291 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,592 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.