Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,200 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%) and the United States (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway554 kt (est. 17%)United States514 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan439 kt (est. 14%)Libya368 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom285 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria103 kt (est. 3%)Iraq101 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins420 kt (est. 13%)United States: no crude data189 kt (6%)Germany: crude origin not reported154 kt (5%)Germany: crude not from imports36 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported27 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.34 Mt (73%)Netherlands481 kt (15%)United States189 kt (6%)Belgium147 kt (5%)Lithuania16 kt (<1%)Sweden10 kt (<1%)United Kingdom10 kt (<1%)Czechia5.7 kt (<1%)Austria2.0 kt (<1%)Spain0.6 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.20 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- Lithuania
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Norway554 kt (est. 17%)
- United States514 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan439 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya368 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom285 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria103 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq101 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins420 kt (est. 13%)
- United States: no crude data189 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported154 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude not from imports36 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported27 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2026)
368.3 thousand tonnes
est. 12% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported368 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)363 kt (est. 98%)
- Netherlands5.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Austria0.3 kt (est. <1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,338,554 | 73.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 480,858 | 15.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 188,884 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 147,238 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,535 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,168 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,001 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,746 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 405,304 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 368,859 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 362,704 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 356,303 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 295,468 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 238,279 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 188,884 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 153,760 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 124,239 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 94,228 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 73,969 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 67,446 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 54,904 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 51,319 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 43,948 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 42,646 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 37,874 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 37,196 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 35,527 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 30,587 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,880 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 25,127 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 16,746 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10,092 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 10,001 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 8,906 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 6,172 | 60.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 5,253 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,311 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,680 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 3,537 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,318 | 57.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 3,092 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,617 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,736 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,126 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 893 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 693 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 360 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 337 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 288 | 52.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 253 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 168 | 8.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 150 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 89 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 80 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 74 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 38 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 35 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 33 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 25 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 8 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 7 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 5 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (188,884 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (153,760 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (35,527 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (26,880 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10,001 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (169 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.