Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,690 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%) and India (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway641 kt (est. 17%)United States605 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan458 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom274 kt (est. 7%)Libya253 kt (est. 7%)Iraq218 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia134 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins388 kt (est. 11%)Germany: crude origin not reported211 kt (6%)India: no crude data209 kt (6%)Kuwait: no crude data141 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports64 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported44 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data27 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported21 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.66 Mt (72%)Netherlands496 kt (13%)India209 kt (6%)Belgium151 kt (4%)Kuwait141 kt (4%)United States27 kt (<1%)Sweden5.1 kt (<1%)Czechia2.0 kt (<1%)Austria1.2 kt (<1%)France1.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.8 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.69 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- India
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- United States
- Sweden
- Czechia
- Other (4)
- Norway641 kt (est. 17%)
- United States605 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan458 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom274 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya253 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq218 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia134 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins388 kt (est. 11%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported211 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data209 kt (6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data141 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports64 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported44 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data27 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported21 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jun 2024)
496.0 thousand tonnes
13% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States115 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway77 kt (est. 16%)
- Other crude origins71 kt (est. 14%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,655,192 | 72.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 496,016 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 208,868 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 150,863 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 141,202 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 27,151 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,066 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 539,579 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 461,871 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 374,692 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 277,204 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 252,015 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 214,466 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 210,808 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| India: no crude data | India | 208,868 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 168,542 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 141,202 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 114,719 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 91,824 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 77,282 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 71,072 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 64,191 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 59,733 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 52,928 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 44,409 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 44,143 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 36,584 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 31,730 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 27,151 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 26,755 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 22,273 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 21,096 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 20,828 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 10,614 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,735 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5,408 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 2,913 | 57.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,696 | 83.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 962 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 584 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 570 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 457 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 424 | 57.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 377 | 33.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 331 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 317 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 259 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 224 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 221 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 168 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 145 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 143 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 125 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 105 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | France | 105 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 98 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 90 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 65 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 59 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 58 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 45 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 45 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 44 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 38 | 3.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 37 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 31 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 28 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 25 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 21 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 15 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 14 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 10 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 2 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (210,808 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (208,868 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (141,202 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (64,191 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (44,409 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (27,256 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (21,353 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (720 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.